Announcements

This project includes a theoretical part explaining concepts and models and potential mechanisms of incentives on health behaviour. The empirical part is based on an overview of systematic reviews (SRs), which examined the evidence of incentive effects for smoking, alcohol, nutrition and physical activity.

In general, there was a focus on material/ tangible incentives in the SRs. There is a considerable body of evidence for ‘smoking and incentives‘ (primarily for cessation and abstinence) (17 SRs) with clear evidence of a medium-term effectiveness (especially for pregnant women and women post partum). Regarding ‘alcohol and incentives’ (4 SRs), we found an insufficient evidence base, which does not allow putting forward statements about the effectiveness of incentives. Minor, positive effects could be detected regarding an improved nutritional behaviour due to incentives (14 SRs). Conflicting results have been reported for ‘incentives and physical activity’ (7 SRs).

Overall, the project shows that effects decrease once incentives were suspended. Bascially, incentives should be considered as part of an overall strategy seeking to influence health behaviour. Against the backdrop of social (and health) justice, the consideration of the policy-design of people’s social environments is of particular importance.

Additionally, an addendum provides a theoretical discussion of an issue that is closely linked to incentives: Nudging – stratgies (which can be primarily found on the policy-level) attempting to influence the health behavior of people by changing settings, (health) standards etc. 

By law NIS need to be registered. The research question underlying this systematic analysis was primarily to learn about the scientific objectives of these. On the cutoff date (Aug. 7th, 2015) information available through the public database was systematically evaluated. It comprised 251 NIS on 581 pharmaceuticals with a total planned patient enrollment of 406,831. Of 33 final reports available only 8 conformed to the formal requirements. For at least 14 (and possibly up to 31) additional NIS such reports should already have been posted online. The most common research questions a NIS addressed were effectiveness in practice (efficacy) and drug safety. The addressed pharmaceuticals were mostly patented me-too drugs and generic drugs/biosimilars. In 31 of the 33 reports the respective research questions were answered with a positive result for the NIS. Due to deficits in reporting requirements for the public database and due to modest reporting morale and accountability the informed public is in no position to make well-founded statements on completed and ongoing NIS.

Robot-assisted surgery is already performed in many disciplines, especially in urology and gynaecology.
The report assessed the efficacy and safety of robot-assisted surgery, compared to laparoscopic and open surgery for partial nephrectomy, adrenalectomy, radical prostatectomy, radical cystectomy, hysterectomy and ovariectomy.
Furthermore, the costs (acquisition, maintenance, instruments) of robot-assisted surgery from the perspective of hospitals were calculated and the future of robotic surgery was evaluated.

Mitral valve regurgitation (MR) or mitral insufficiency is a common disease esp. among the elderly. MR may be acute or chronic, depending on the underlying pathology: accordingly, it must be distinguished between primary (degenerative) MR (DMR) and secondary (functional) MR (FMR). Since recent years new minimally invasive procedures are available for inoperable or high-risk patients. This assessment examines the question of efficacy and safety of mitral valve repair using minimally invasive procedures such Mitraclip® for inoperable patients with DMR or FMR; Carillon® inoperable patients with FMR; NeoChord DS 1000 for operable patients with DMR to answer.

Two of the evaluated medical devices, NeoChord DS1000 and CARILLON® are still at an early stage of development. The MitraClip® however, was already implanted worldwide in around 23,000 patients before results of a comparative study has been published.