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Recent evidence on the effectiveness of lung cancer screening with low dose computed tomography (LDCT), such as the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) or the Dutch-Belgian Randomized Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NELSON), seems to confirm a potential relative lung cancer mortality reduction (although not in overall mortality) from the LDCT-screening. Since then, a considerable body of new evidence also emerged on the cost-effectiveness of LDCT-screening for lung cancer. In this context, the present systematic review aimed to provide an update of the evidence on the cost-effectiveness, cost-utility and budget impact of LDCT lung cancer screening in adult persons without confirmed or suspected lung cancer but at elevated risk, with a special focus on the health economic methodologies.

Lung cancer is the fourth most frequently diagnosed cancer in the European Union. Risk factors for lung cancer include smoking in particular, family history, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and occupational or environmental exposure to radon, asbestos or fine particles. Low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) can be used for lung cancer screening, which is increasingly offered in routine clinical practice. Current evidence shows that screening for lung cancer with LDCT in (former) heavy smokers probably reduces lung cancer mortality, but results in little or no difference in overall mortality, compared with no screening.

Molecular genetic diagnostics (GDx) is an increasingly important tool in the so-called "precision medicine" and personalised health care, including organised screening programs. For a structured and controlled implementation of GDx, organisational-regulatory and ethical aspects, as well as far-reaching economic effects have to be considered in addition to efficacy and safety concerns.

The aim of the present report was to illustrate the general complexity of such (predictive) diagnostic tests and systematic test strategies using the example of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH).

In Vienna, in 1958, for the very first time in Europe, the institutionalisation process started with founding the Austrian Society for the Promotion of Music Medical Science. One year later, the first training course in Europe was established. Today, music therapy is understood as an expression promoting, scientific-artistic-creative and independent form of treatment using active and receptive music therapeutic methods. In an update of Cochrane Reviews, the effectiveness and applied methods of music therapy in autism, dementia, depression, sleep disorder and schizophrenia were examined. The results suggest that music therapy can help patients in terms of physical and psychosocial aspects.